Reference Guide

Technical Glossary

Comprehensive definitions of vibration analysis terms and technical terminology.

Terms A-E

Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity with time, typically measured in units of g or m/s².

Accelerometer

A sensor that measures acceleration forces, commonly used in vibration monitoring.

Amplitude

The magnitude of vibration displacement, velocity, or acceleration.

Balancing

The process of adjusting the mass distribution of a rotor to reduce vibration.

Bearing

A machine element that allows constrained relative motion between two parts.

Beat Frequency

The periodic variation resulting from two signals of slightly different frequencies.

Cepstrum

The inverse Fourier transform of the logarithm of the power spectrum.

Coherence

A measure of the correlation between two signals as a function of frequency.

Critical Speed

The rotational speed at which a rotating shaft becomes dynamically unstable.

Damping

The dissipation of energy in a vibrating system.

Displacement

The change in position of a vibrating body, measured in mils or micrometers.

Dynamic Range

The ratio between the largest and smallest signal a system can measure.

Eccentricity

The distance between the center of rotation and the geometric center.

Envelope Detection

A signal processing technique used to extract modulation from a signal.

Terms F-O

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform - an algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform.

Filter

A device or process that removes unwanted components from a signal.

Frequency

The number of cycles per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).

Frequency Domain

A representation of a signal with respect to frequency rather than time.

G-force

A measurement of acceleration relative to Earth's gravity.

Harmonic

A frequency component at an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Hertz (Hz)

The unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.

Imbalance

An unequal distribution of mass causing a rotating element to vibrate.

Integration

Mathematical process to convert acceleration to velocity or velocity to displacement.

Kurtosis

A statistical measure of the 'peakedness' of a probability distribution.

Linear

A system where output is directly proportional to input.

Misalignment

A condition where rotating centerlines are not collinear.

Modal Analysis

The study of dynamic properties of structures under vibration excitation.

Natural Frequency

The frequency at which a system oscillates when not subjected to external forces.

Nyquist Frequency

Half the sampling frequency, the highest frequency that can be accurately measured.

Orbit

The path traced by the centerline of a rotating shaft.

Order

A frequency that is a multiple or fraction of rotational speed.

Overall Level

The total vibration amplitude within a specified frequency range.

Terms P-Z

Peak

The maximum absolute value of a waveform.

Phase

The timing relationship between two signals of the same frequency.

Piezoelectric

Materials that generate electric charge in response to mechanical stress.

Power Spectrum

A plot of power versus frequency for a signal.

Proximity Probe

A non-contact sensor that measures relative displacement.

Q-factor

Quality factor - a measure of the sharpness of resonance.

Resonance

The tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at certain frequencies.

RMS

Root Mean Square - a statistical measure of the magnitude of a varying quantity.

Rotor

The rotating part of a machine.

Sampling Rate

The number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal.

Spectrum

A plot of amplitude versus frequency.

Stator

The stationary part of a rotating machine.

Time Domain

A representation of a signal with respect to time.

Transducer

A device that converts one form of energy to another.

Unbalance

See Imbalance.

Velocity

The rate of change of displacement, typically measured in in/s or mm/s.

Vibration

Mechanical oscillation about an equilibrium point.

Waveform

A graphical representation of a signal as it varies with time.

Whirl

The motion of a rotating shaft centerline.

X-axis

Typically the horizontal axis in a graph or the axial direction in machinery.

Y-axis

Typically the vertical axis in a graph or the vertical direction in machinery.

Zero-to-Peak

The amplitude from zero to the maximum positive or negative peak.

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